为什么要探索宇宙：Ernst Stuhlinger 博士给 Mary Jucunda修女的回信
1970年，赞比亚修女 Mary Jucunda 给 Ernst Stuhlinger 博士写了一封信，他因在火星之旅工程中的原创性研究，成为 NASA（美国航空航天局）Marshall 太空航行中心的科学副总监。信中，Mary Jucunda 修女问道：目前地球上还有这么多小孩子吃不上饭，他怎么能舍得为远在火星的项目花费数十亿美元。Stuhlinger 很快给Jucunda 修女回了信，同时还附带了一张题为“升起的地球”的照片，这张标志性的照片是宇航员 William Anders 于1968年在月球轨道上拍摄的（照片中可以看到月球的地面）。他这封真挚的回信随后由 NASA 以《为什么要探索宇宙》为标题发表。
1970年5月6日
亲爱的Mary Jucunda修女：
每天，我都会收到很多类似的来信，但这封对我的触动最深，因为它来自一颗慈悲的饱含探求精神的心灵。我会尽自己所能来回答你这个问题。
首先，请允许我向你以及你勇敢的姐妹们表达深深的敬意，你们献身于人类最崇高的事业：帮助身处困境的同胞。
在来信中，你问我在目前地球上还有儿童由于饥饿面临死亡威胁的情况下，为什么还要花费数十亿美元来进行飞向火星的航行。我清楚你肯定不希望这样的答案：“哦，我之前不知道还有小孩子快饿死了，好吧，从现在开始，暂停所有的太空项目，直到孩子们都吃上饭再说。”事实上，早在了解火星之旅的技术之前，我已经对儿童的饥荒问题有所了解。而且，同我很多朋友的看法一样，我认为此时此刻，我们就应该开始通往月球、火星乃至其他行星的伟大探险。从长远来看，相对于那些要么只有年复一年的辩论和争吵，要么连妥协之后也迟迟无法落实的各种援助计划来说，我甚至觉得探索太空的工程给更有助于解决人类目前所面临的种种危机。
在详细说明我们的太空项目如何帮助解决地面上的危机之前，我想先简短讲一个真实的故事。那是在400年前，德国某小镇里有一位伯爵。他是个心地善良的人，他将自己收入的一大部分捐给了镇子上的穷人。这十分令人钦佩，因为中世纪时穷人很多，而且那时经常爆发席卷全国的瘟疫。一天，伯爵碰到了一个奇怪的人，他家中有一个工作台和一个小实验室，他白天卖力工作，每天晚上的几小时的时间专心进行研究。他把小玻璃片研磨成镜片，然后把研磨好的镜片装到镜筒里，用此来观察细小的物件。伯爵被这个前所未见的可以把东西放大观察的小发明迷住了。他邀请这个怪人住到了他的城堡里，作为伯爵的门客，此后他可以专心投入所有的时间来研究这些光学器件。
然而，镇子上的人得知伯爵在这么一个怪人和他那些无用的玩意儿上花费金钱之后，都很生气，“我们还在受瘟疫的苦”，他们抱怨道，“而他却为那个闲人和他没用的爱好乱花钱！”伯爵听到后不为所动，“我会尽可能地接济大家”，他表示，“但我会继续资助这个人和他的工作，我确信终有一天会有回报。”
果不其然，他的工作赢来了丰厚的回报：显微镜。显微镜的发明给医学带来了前所未有的发展，由此展开的研究及其成果，消除了世界上大部分地区肆虐的瘟疫和其他一些传染性疾病。
伯爵为支持这项研究发明所花费的金钱，其最终结果大大减轻了人类所遭受的苦难，这回报远远超过单纯将这些钱用来救济那些遭受瘟疫的人。
我们目前面临类似的问题。美国总统的年度预算共有2000亿美元，这些钱将用于医疗、教育、福利、城市建设、高速公路、交通运输、海外援助、国防、环保、科技、农业以及其他多项国内外的工程。今年，预算中的1.6%将用于探索宇宙，这些花销将用于阿波罗以计划、其他一些涵盖了天体物理学、深空天文学、空间生物学、行星探测工程、地球资源工程的小项目以及空间工程技术。为担负这些太空项目的支出，平均每个年收入10,000美元的美国纳税人需要支付约30美元给太空，剩下的9,970美元则可用于一般生活开支、休闲娱乐、储蓄、别的税项等花销。
也许你会问：“为什么不从纳税人为太空支付的30美元里抽出5美元或3美元或是1美元来救济饥饿的儿童呢？”为了回答这个问题，我需要先简单解释一下我们国家的经济是如何运行的，其他国家也是类似的情形。政府由几个部门（如内政部、司法部、卫生部与公众福利部、教育部、运输部、国防部等）和几个机构（国家科学基金会、国家航空航天局等）组成，这些部门和机构根据自己的职能制定相应的年度预算，并严格执行以应对国务委员会的监督，同时还要应付来自预算部门和总统对于其经济效益的压力。当资金最终由国会拨出后，将严格用于经预算批准的计划中的项目。
显然，NASA的预算中所包含的项目都是和航空航天有关的。未经国会批准的预算项目，是不会得到资金支持的，自然也不会被课税，除非有其他部门的预算涵盖了该项目，借此花掉没有分配给太空项目的资金。由这段简短的说明可以看出，要想援助饥饿的儿童，或在美国已有的对外援助项目上增加援助金额，需要首先由相关部门提出预算，然后由国会批准才行。
要问是否同意政府实施类似的政策，我个人的意见是绝对赞成。我完全不介意每年多付出一点点税款来帮助饥饿的儿童，无论他们身在何处。
我相信我的朋友们也会持相同的态度。然而，事情并不是仅靠把去往火星航行的计划取消就能轻易实现的。相对的，我甚至认为可以通过太空项目，来为缓解乃至最终解决地球上的贫穷和饥饿问题作出贡献。解决饥饿问题的关键有两部分：食物的生产和食物的发放。食物的生产所涉及的农业、畜牧业、渔业及其他大规模生产活动在世界上的一些地区高效高产，而在有的地区则产量严重不足。通过高科技手段，如灌溉管理，肥料的使用，天气预报，产量评估，程序化种植，农田优选，作物的习性与耕作时间选择，农作物调查及收割计划，可以显著提高土地的生产效率。
人造地球卫星无疑是改进这两个关键问题最有力的工具。在远离地面的运行轨道上，卫星能够在很短的时间里扫描大片的陆地，可以同时观察计算农作物生长所需要的多项指标，土壤、旱情、雨雪天气等等，并且可以将这些信息广播至地面接收站以便做进一步处理。事实证明，配备有土地资源传感器及相应的农业程序的人造卫星系统，即便是最简单的型号，也能给农作物的年产量带来数以十亿美元计的提升。
如何将食品发放给需要的人则是另外一个全新的问题，关键不在于轮船的容量，而在于国际间的合作。小国统治者对于来自大国的大量食品的输入很难做出准确的判断，他们害怕伴随着食物一同而来的还有外国势力对其统治地位的影响。恐怕在国与国之间消除隔阂之前，饥饿问题无法得以高效解决了。我不认为太空计划能一夜之间创造奇迹，然而，探索宇宙有助于促使问题向着良好的方向发展。
以最近发生的阿波罗13号事故为例。当宇航员处于关键的大气层再入期时，为了保证通讯畅通，苏联关闭了境内与阿波罗飞船所用频带相同的所有广播通信。同时派出舰艇到太平洋和大西洋海域以备第一时间进行搜救工作。如果宇航员的救生舱降落到俄方舰船附近，俄方人员会像对待从太空返回的本国宇航员一样对他们进行救助。同样，如果俄方的宇宙飞船遇到了类似的紧急情况，美国也一定会毫不犹豫地提供援助。
通过卫星进行监测与分析来提高食品产量，以及通过改善国际关系提高食品发放的效率，只是通过太空项目提高人类生活质量的两个方面。下面我想介绍另外两个重要作用：促进科学技术的发展和提高一代人的科学素养。
登月工程需要历史上前所未有的高精度和高可靠性。面对如此严苛的要求，我们要寻找新材料，新方法；开发出更好的工程系统；用更可靠的制作流程；让仪器的工作寿命更长久；甚至需要探索全新的自然规律。
这些为登月发明的新技术同样可以用于地面上的工程项目。每年，都有大概一千项从太空项目中发展出来的新技术被用于日常生活中，这些技术打造出更好的厨房用具和农场设备，更好的缝纫机和收音机，更好的轮船和飞机，更精确的天气预报和风暴预警，更好的通讯设施，更好的医疗设备，乃至更好的日常小工具。你可能会问为什么先设计出宇航员登月舱的维生系统，而不是先为听力障碍患者造出有声阅读设备呢。答案很简单：解决工程问题时，重要的技术突破往往并不是按部就班直接得到的，而是来自能够激发出强大创新精神，能够燃起的想象力和坚定的行动力，以及能够整合好所有资源的充满挑战的目标。
太空旅行无可置疑地是一项充满挑战的事业。通往火星的航行并不能直接提供食物解决饥荒问题。然而，它所带来大量的新技术和新方法可以用在火星项目之外，这将产生数倍于原始花费的收益。
若希望人类生活得越来越好，除了需要新的技术，我们还需要基础科学不断有新的进展。包括物理学和化学，生物学和生理学，特别是医学，用来照看人类的健康，应对饥饿、疾病、食物和水的污染以及环境污染等问题。
我们需要更多的年轻人投入到科学事业中来，我们需要给予那些投身科研事业的有天分的科学家更多的帮助。随时要有富于挑战的研究项目，同时要保证对项目给予充分的资源支持。在此我要重申，太空项目是科技进步的催化剂，它为学术研究工作提供了绝佳和实践机会，包括对月球和其他行星的研究、物理学和天文学、生物学和医学科学等学科，有它，科学界源源不断出现令人激动不已研究课题，人类得以窥见宇宙无比瑰丽的景象；为了它，新技术新方法不断涌现。
由美国政府控制并提供资金支持的所有活动中，太空项目无疑最引人瞩目也最容易引起争议，尽管其仅占全部预算的1.6%，不到全民生产总值的千分之三。作为新技术的驱动者和催化剂，太空项目开展了多项基础科学的研究，它的地位注定不同于其他活动。从某种意义上来说，以太空项目的对社会的影响，其地位相当于3-4千年前的战争活动。
如果国家之间不再比拼轰炸机和远程导弹，取而代之比拼月球飞船的性能，那将避免多少战乱之苦！聪慧的胜利者将满怀希望，失败者也不用饱尝痛苦，不再埋下仇恨的种子，不再带来复仇的战争。
尽管我们开展的太空项目研究的东西离地球很遥远，已经将人类的视野延伸至月亮、至太阳、至星球、直至那遥远的星辰，但天文学家对地球的关注，超过以上所有天外之物。太空项目带来的不仅有那些新技术所所提供的生活品质的提升，随着对宇宙研究的深入，我们对地球，对生命，对人类自身的感激之情将越深。太空探索让地球更美好。
随信一块寄出的这张照片，是1968年圣诞节那天阿波罗8号在环月球轨道上拍摄的地球的景象。太空项目所能带来的各种结果中，这张照片也许是其中最可贵的一项。它开阔了人类的视野，让我们如此直观地感受到到地球是广阔无垠的宇宙中如此美丽而又珍贵的孤岛，同时让我们认识到地球是我们唯一的家园，离开地球就是荒芜阴冷的外太空。无论在此之前人们对地球的了解是多么的有限，对于破坏生态平衡的严重后果的认识是多么的不充分。在这张照片公开发表之后，面对人类目前所面临的种种严峻形势，如环境污染、饥饿、贫穷、过度城市化、粮食问题、水资源问题、人口问题等等，号召大家正视这些严重问题的呼声越来越多。人们突然表示出对自身问题的关注，不能说和目前正在进行的这些初期太空探索项目，以及它所带来的对于人类自身家园的全新视角无关。
太空探索不仅仅给人类提供一面审视自己的镜子，它还能给我们带来全新的技术，全新的挑战和进取精神，以及面对严峻现实问题时依然乐观自信的心态。我相信，人类从宇宙中学到的，充分印证了Albert Schweitzer那句名言：“我忧心忡忡地看待未来，但仍满怀美好的希望。”
向您和您的孩子们致以我最真挚的敬意！
您诚挚的
恩斯特史都林格
科学副总监
保存原文
In 1970, a Zambia-based nun named Sister Mary Jucunda wrote to Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger, then-associate director of science at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, in response to his ongoing research into a piloted mission toMars. Specifically, she asked how he could suggest spending billions of dollars on such a project at a time when so many children were starving on Earth.
Stuhlinger soon sent the following letter of explanation to Sister Jucunda, along with a copy of "Earthrise," the iconic photograph of Earth taken in 1968 by astronaut William Anders, from the Moon (also embedded in the transcript). His thoughtful reply was later published by NASA, and titled, "Why Explore Space?"
May 6, 1970
Dear Sister Mary Jucunda:
Your letter was one of many which are reaching me every day, but it has touched me more deeply than all the others because it came so much from the depths of a searching mind and a compassionate heart. I will try to answer your question as best as I possibly can.
First, however, I would like to express my great admiration for you, and for all your many brave sisters, because you are dedicating your lives to the noblest cause of man: help for his fellowmen who are in need.
You asked in your letter how I could suggest the expenditures of billions of dollars for a voyage to Mars, at a time when many children on this Earth are starving to death. I know that you do not expect an answer such as "Oh, I did not know that there are children dying from hunger, but from now on I will desist from any kind of space research until mankind has solved that problem!" In fact, I have known of famined children long before I knew that a voyage to the planet Mars is technically feasible. However, I believe, like many of my friends, that travelling to the Moon and eventually to Mars and to other planets is a venture which we should undertake now, and I even believe that this project, in the long run, will contribute more to the solution of these grave problems we are facing here on Earth than many other potential projects of help which are debated and discussed year after year, and which are so extremely slow in yielding tangible results.
Before trying to describe in more detail how our space program is contributing to the solution of our Earthly problems, I would like to relate briefly a supposedly true story, which may help support the argument. About 400 years ago, there lived a count in a small town in Germany. He was one of the benign counts, and he gave a large part of his income to the poor in his town. This was much appreciated, because poverty was abundant during medieval times, and there were epidemics of the plague which ravaged the country frequently. One day, the count met a strange man. He had a workbench and little laboratory in his house, and he labored hard during the daytime so that he could afford a few hours every evening to work in his laboratory. He ground small lenses from pieces of glass; he mounted the lenses in tubes, and he used these gadgets to look at very small objects. The count was particularly fascinated by the tiny creatures that could be observed with the strong magnification, and which he had never seen before. He invited the man to move with his laboratory to the castle, to become a member of the count's household, and to devote henceforth all his time to the development and perfection of his optical gadgets as a special employee of the count.
The townspeople, however, became angry when they realized that the count was wasting his money, as they thought, on a stunt without purpose. "We are suffering from this plague," they said, "while he is paying that man for a useless hobby!" But the count remained firm. "I give you as much as I can afford," he said, "but I will also support this man and his work, because I know that someday something will come out of it!"
Indeed, something very good came out of this work, and also out of similar work done by others at other places: the microscope. It is well known that the microscope has contributed more than any other invention to the progress of medicine, and that the elimination of the plague and many other contagious diseases from most parts of the world is largely a result of studies which the microscope made possible.
The count, by retaining some of his spending money for research and discovery, contributed far more to the relief of human suffering than he could have contributed by giving all he could possibly spare to his plague-ridden community.
The situation which we are facing today is similar in many respects. The President of the United States is spending about 200 billion dollars in his yearly budget. This money goes to health, education, welfare, urban renewal, highways, transportation, foreign aid, defense, conservation, science, agriculture and many installations inside and outside the country. About 1.6 percent of this national budget was allocated to space exploration this year. The space program includes Project Apollo, and many other smaller projects in space physics, space astronomy, space biology, planetary projects, Earth resources projects, and space engineering. To make this expenditure for the space program possible, the average American taxpayer with 10,000 dollars income per year is paying about 30 tax dollars for space. The rest of his income, 9,970 dollars, remains for his subsistence, his recreation, his savings, his other taxes, and all his other expenditures.
You will probably ask now: "Why don't you take 5 or 3 or 1 dollar out of the 30 space dollars which the average American taxpayer is paying, and send these dollars to the hungry children?" To answer this question, I have to explain briefly how the economy of this country works. The situation is very similar in other countries. The government consists of a number of departments (Interior, Justice, Health, Education and Welfare, Transportation, Defense, and others) and the bureaus (National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and others). All of them prepare their yearly budgets according to their assigned missions, and each of them must defend its budget against extremely severe screening by congressional committees, and against heavy pressure for economy from the Bureau of the Budget and the President. When the funds are finally appropriated by Congress, they can be spent only for the line items specified and approved in the budget.
The budget of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, naturally, can contain only items directly related to aeronautics and space. If this budget were not approved by Congress, the funds proposed for it would not be available for something else; they would simply not be levied from the taxpayer, unless one of the other budgets had obtained approval for a specific increase which would then absorb the funds not spent for space. You realize from this brief discourse that support for hungry children, or rather a support in addition to what the United States is already contributing to this very worthy cause in the form of foreign aid, can be obtained only if the appropriate department submits a budget line item for this purpose, and if this line item is then approved by Congress.
You may ask now whether I personally would be in favor of such a move by our government. My answer is an emphatic yes. Indeed, I would not mind at all if my annual taxes were increased by a number of dollars for the purpose of feeding hungry children, wherever they may live.
I know that all of my friends feel the same way. However, we could not bring such a program to life merely by desisting from making plans for voyages to Mars. On the contrary, I even believe that by working for the space program I can make some contribution to the relief and eventual solution of such grave problems as poverty and hunger on Earth. Basic to the hunger problem are two functions: the production of food and the distribution of food. Food production by agriculture, cattle ranching, ocean fishing and other large-scale operations is efficient in some parts of the world, but drastically deficient in many others. For example, large areas of land could be utilized far better if efficient methods of watershed control, fertilizer use, weather forecasting, fertility assessment, plantation programming, field selection, planting habits, timing of cultivation, crop survey and harvest planning were applied.
The best tool for the improvement of all these functions, undoubtedly, is the artificial Earth satellite. Circling the globe at a high altitude, it can screen wide areas of land within a short time; it can observe and measure a large variety of factors indicating the status and condition of crops, soil, droughts, rainfall, snow cover, etc., and it can radio this information to ground stations for appropriate use. It has been estimated that even a modest system of Earth satellites equipped with Earth resources, sensors, working within a program for worldwide agricultural improvements, will increase the yearly crops by an equivalent of many billions of dollars.
The distribution of the food to the needy is a completely different problem. The question is not so much one of shipping volume, it is one of international cooperation. The ruler of a small nation may feel very uneasy about the prospect of having large quantities of food shipped into his country by a large nation, simply because he fears that along with the food there may also be an import of influence and foreign power. Efficient relief from hunger, I am afraid, will not come before the boundaries between nations have become less divisive than they are today. I do not believe that space flight will accomplish this miracle over night. However, the space program is certainly among the most promising and powerful agents working in this direction.
Let me only remind you of the recent near-tragedy of Apollo 13. When the time of the crucial reentry of the astronauts approached, the Soviet Union discontinued all Russian radio transmissions in the frequency bands used by the Apollo Project in order to avoid any possible interference, and Russian ships stationed themselves in the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans in case an emergency rescue would become necessary. Had the astronaut capsule touched down near a Russian ship, the Russians would undoubtedly have expended as much care and effort in their rescue as if Russian cosmonauts had returned from a space trip. If Russian space travelers should ever be in a similar emergency situation, Americans would do the same without any doubt.
Higher food production through survey and assessment from orbit, and better food distribution through improved international relations, are only two examples of how profoundly the space program will impact life on Earth. I would like to quote two other examples: stimulation of technological development, and generation of scientific knowledge.
The requirements for high precision and for extreme reliability which must be imposed upon the components of a moon-travelling spacecraft are entirely unprecedented in the history of engineering. The development of systems which meet these severe requirements has provided us a unique opportunity to find new material and methods, to invent better technical systems, to manufacturing procedures, to lengthen the lifetimes of instruments, and even to discover new laws of nature.
All this newly acquired technical knowledge is also available for application to Earth-bound technologies. Every year, about a thousand technical innovations generated in the space program find their ways into our Earthly technology where they lead to better kitchen appliances and farm equipment, better sewing machines and radios, better ships and airplanes, better weather forecasting and storm warning, better communications, better medical instruments, better utensils and tools for everyday life. Presumably, you will ask now why we must develop first a life support system for our moon-travelling astronauts, before we can build a remote-reading sensor system for heart patients. The answer is simple: significant progress in the solutions of technical problems is frequently made not by a direct approach, but by first setting a goal of high challenge which offers a strong motivation for innovative work, which fires the imagination and spurs men to expend their best efforts, and which acts as a catalyst by including chains of other reactions.
Spaceflight without any doubt is playing exactly this role. The voyage to Mars will certainly not be a direct source of food for the hungry. However, it will lead to so many new technologies and capabilities that the spin-offs from this project alone will be worth many times the cost of its implementation.
Besides the need for new technologies, there is a continuing great need for new basic knowledge in the sciences if we wish to improve the conditions of human life on Earth. We need more knowledge in physics and chemistry, in biology and physiology, and very particularly in medicine to cope with all these problems which threaten man's life: hunger, disease, contamination of food and water, pollution of the environment.
We need more young men and women who choose science as a career and we need better support for those scientists who have the talent and the determination to engage in fruitful research work. Challenging research objectives must be available, and sufficient support for research projects must be provided. Again, the space program with its wonderful opportunities to engage in truly magnificent research studies of moons and planets, of physics and astronomy, of biology and medicine is an almost ideal catalyst which induces the reaction between the motivation for scientific work, opportunities to observe exciting phenomena of nature, and material support needed to carry out the research effort.
Among all the activities which are directed, controlled, and funded by the American government, the space program is certainly the most visible and probably the most debated activity, although it consumes only 1.6 percent of the total national budget, and 3 per mille (less than one-third of 1 percent) of the gross national product. As a stimulant and catalyst for the development of new technologies, and for research in the basic sciences, it is unparalleled by any other activity. In this respect, we may even say that the space program is taking over a function which for three or four thousand years has been the sad prerogative of wars.
How much human suffering can be avoided if nations, instead of competing with their bomb-dropping fleets of airplanes and rockets, compete with their moon-travelling space ships! This competition is full of promise for brilliant victories, but it leaves no room for the bitter fate of the vanquished, which breeds nothing but revenge and new wars.
Although our space program seems to lead us away from our Earth and out toward the moon, the sun, the planets, and the stars, I believe that none of these celestial objects will find as much attention and study by space scientists as our Earth. It will become a better Earth, not only because of all the new technological and scientific knowledge which we will apply to the betterment of life, but also because we are developing a far deeper appreciation of our Earth, of life, and of man.
The photograph which I enclose with this letter shows a view of our Earth as seen from Apollo 8 when it orbited the moon at Christmas, 1968. Of all the many wonderful results of the space program so far, this picture may be the most important one. It opened our eyes to the fact that our Earth is a beautiful and most precious island in an unlimited void, and that there is no other place for us to live but the thin surface layer of our planet, bordered by the bleak nothingness of space. Never before did so many people recognize how limited our Earth really is, and how perilous it would be to tamper with its ecological balance. Ever since this picture was first published, voices have become louder and louder warning of the grave problems that confront man in our times: pollution, hunger, poverty, urban living, food production, water control, overpopulation. It is certainly not by accident that we begin to see the tremendous tasks waiting for us at a time when the young space age has provided us the first good look at our own planet.
Very fortunately though, the space age not only holds out a mirror in which we can see ourselves, it also provides us with the technologies, the challenge, the motivation, and even with the optimism to attack these tasks with confidence. What we learn in our space program, I believe, is fully supporting what Albert Schweitzer had in mind when he said: "I am looking at the future with concern, but with good hope."
My very best wishes will always be with you, and with your children.
Very sincerely yours,
Ernst Stuhlinger
Associate Director for Science 信中所附照片
http://p13.freep.cn/p.aspx?u=v20_p13_photo_1210281302229729_0.jpg
再附一篇演讲辞
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我们选择登月
——约翰·F·肯尼迪在赖斯大学
关于航天事业的演讲(1962年9月12日)
约翰·F·肯尼迪
柯南 译
Pitzer校长，副校长，州长，Thomas众议员，Wiley参议员，Miller众议员，Webb先生，Bell先生，科学家们，尊贵的来宾，女士们先生们：
我非常感谢你们的校长授予我名誉客座教授的头衔，我向你们保证，我的第一个演讲将会很简洁。我很高兴来到这里，特别是在这个时候来到这里。
我们在这个以知识而闻名的大学中相会，在这个以进步而文明的城市相会，在这个以实力而闻名的州相会。并且我们需要它们全部三者，因为我们处于一个变化与挑战的时期、希望与失望的10年、知识与无知并存的时代。我们获得的知识越多，我们的显露出的无知也就越多。
尽管存在一个惊人的事实，世界上绝大多数科学家都在努力奋斗；尽管我国的科研力量以每12年翻一番的速率增长，超过了人口增长速率的3倍；尽管这样，未知、未回答和未完成任务的漫漫长路，仍然远远超出了我们所有人的理解力。
没有人知道我们能走多远，能走多快。但是，如果你愿意，把人类有史以来的5万年浓缩成半个世纪的时间跨度。在这个时间跨度下，我们对于开始的40年至之甚少，除了知道在这40年的最后出现了学会用兽皮遮体的人类。在这个标准下，大约数年前，人类从洞穴中走出，建造新的家园。仅仅在5年前人类才学会了写字和使用有轮子的车辆。基督教诞生于不到2年之前。印刷出版今年才出现。在人类历史的整个50年跨度中，在最近不到两个月的时间之前，蒸汽机为我们提供了新的动力。
牛顿发现了引力的意义，上个月出现了电灯、电话、汽车和飞机。仅仅在上周我们才发明了青霉素、电视与核动力。如果现在美国新的飞船能够成功抵达金星，那么我们可以真正算得上在今天午夜抵达别的星球了。
这是激动人心的一步。但是这样的一步在驱散旧的痛苦、无知和问题的同时，不能不创造新的痛苦、新的无知和新的问题。毫无疑问，航天事业的回报高，花费和风险也高
因此，不难理解有些人要我们在原地止步不前，继续等待。但是休斯敦市、德克萨斯州，美利坚合众国并不是由那些止步不前的人建立的。这个国家是由不断前进的人征服的，航天事业也是这样。
William Bradford在1630年普利茅斯湾殖民地建立仪式上说，所有伟大而光荣的举动都伴随着巨大的困难，而两者都应该被有责任感的勇气所克服。
如果说这个人类进步的浓缩历史教育了我们什么，那么就是，在寻求知识和进步的过程中的人类是坚定而不能被阻止的。空间探索将会继续，不论我们是否加入它。无论在什么时候，它都是一项重大的冒险，没有任何一个期望成为世界领袖的国家希望在这场空间竞赛中停步。
我们的前辈让这个国家掀起了工业革命的第一波浪潮、现代发明的第一波浪潮、核动力的第一波浪潮。而我们这一代并不希望在即将到来的太空时代的浪潮中倒下。我们要参与其中——我们要领导潮流。为了全世界注视太空、月球和其他行星的人们，我们发誓我们不会看到太空代表敌意的旗帜，而应该是代表自由与和平的旗帜。我们发誓我们不会看到太空充满了大规模杀伤性武器，而应该是充满获取知识的工具。
然而，我国的承诺只有在我国领先——因为我们想要领先——的情况下才能得以履行。简而言之，我们在科学和工业上的领导地位，我们对于和平和安全的渴望，我们对于自身和他人的责任，所有这一切要求我们做出努力，为了全人类的利益解决这些谜团，成为世界领先的航天国家。
我们踏上新的航程，为了获取新的知识，为了赢得新的权利，获取并运用权利，应该是为了全人类的进步。空间科学，正如核科学以及其他技术，本身没有道德可言。它成为善或者恶的力量，取决于人类。并且只有当美利坚合众国取得一个卓越的地位，才能帮助决定这片新的领域和平还是成为战争的威胁。我不认为我们应该或者必须对敌人滥用太空比对敌人滥用陆地和海洋更加无动于衷，但是我确实认为，太空能够在非战争的目的下开发和利用、再不重复人类曾经犯过的错误的情况下开发和利用。
在太空上还没有竞争、偏见和国家冲突。太空的危险是面对我们所有人的。太空值得全人类尽最大的努力去征服，而且和平合作的机会可能不会重来。但是，有些人问，为什么是月球？为什么选择登月作为我们的目标？他们也许会问为什么我们要登上最高的山。35年前，为什么要飞越大西洋？为什么赖斯大学要与德克萨斯大学比赛？
我们决定登月（掌声），我们决定在这个十年间登月，并且做其他的事（掌声），不是因为它们简单，而是因为它们困难，因为这个目标将有益于组织和分配我们的优势能力和技能，因为这个挑战是我们乐于接受的，因为这个挑战是我们不愿推迟的，因为这个挑战是我们打算赢得的，其他的挑战也是一样。
正是因为这些理由，我把去年关于提升航天计划的决定作为我在本届总统任期内最重要的决定之一。
在过去的24小时里，我们看到一些设施已经为人类历史上最复杂的探险而建立起来。我们感受到了土星C-1助推火箭试验产生的震动和冲击波，它比把John Glenn送入太空的大力神火箭还要强大好几倍，产生相当于10万辆汽车的功率。我们看到了5个F-1火箭发动机，每一个都相当于8个土星火箭发动机的功率，它们将会用于更先进的土星火箭，在卡纳维拉尔角即将兴建的48层大楼中组装起来，这幢建筑宽一个街区，长度超过我们这个体育场的两倍。
在过去的19个月中至少有45颗卫星进入了太空，其中大约40颗标着“美国制造”的标记，它们比苏联的卫星更加精密，更能为世界人民提供更多的知识。
正在飞向金星的水手号飞船是空间科学史上最复杂的装置。其精确程度比得上在卡纳维拉尔角发射的一枚火箭击中这个体育场的40码线之间。
海事卫星让海上的船只航行更安全，气象卫星给我们对于飓风和风暴空前的警告，它同样也能用于森林火灾和冰山的预警。
我们经历过失败，但是别人也经历过，即使他们不承认失败。因此它们可能不为人所知。
很显然，我们落后了，并且在载人航天方面继续落后一段时间。但是我们并不打算一直落后，在这个十年间我们将会迎头赶上。
我们获得的关于宇宙和环境的新知识，新的学习、绘图和观测技术，用于工业、医学和家庭的新工具和计算机，所有这些都将促进科学和教育的发展。像赖斯大学这样的技术院校将会因此而得益。
最终，尽管航天事业本身仍然处于童年，它已经催生了很多公司，数以千计的工作机会。航天和其他相关工业对投资和有特殊技能的人力产生了新的需求。并且，这个城市、这个州、这个地区将会极大的分享这种增长。西部曾经的旧疆域将会成为空间科学的新疆域。休斯敦，你们的休斯敦市，以及它的载人飞行器中心，将会成为一个大的科学与工程共同体的心脏。在接下来的5年中，宇航局期望这个地区的科学家和工程师数量加倍，期望把工资和开支提高到每年6千万美元，期望在工厂和实验室设施上得到2亿美元的投资，期望指导或与这个城市的航天中心签订超过10亿美元的合同。
很显然，这将会花去我们一大笔钱。今年的航天预算是1961年1月的3倍，比过去8年的总和还要多。预算现在保持在每年54亿美元——一个令人吃惊的数目，尽管还稍微小于我们在香烟和雪茄上的消费额。航天支出很快就会从平均每人每周40美分上升到50美分的程度，因为我们赋予了这个计划很高的国家优先权，即使我觉得它稍微有点信念与幻想的意味，因为我们不知道会有什么样的好处等待着我们。但是我说，我的同胞们，我们应该登上月球，那个距离距离休斯敦控制中心24万英里的天体，建造一个超过300英尺高的火箭，和这个橄榄球场的长度相同，由新的合金制成，其中一些我们还没有发明出来，能够承受数倍于以前的材料所能承受的热和压力，装配的精密程度媲美最精巧的手表，携带有用于推进、导航、控制、通讯、食品和维生的全部设备，执行一个没有先例的使命，登上那个未知的天体，然后安全的返回地球，以超过每小时2万5千英里的速度重返大气层，产生的温度大约是太阳温度的一半，就像今天这里这样热——我们要达到全部这些目标，要顺利达到这个目标，要在这个十年达到，因此我们必须勇于面对。
我一个人做了所有这个工作，所以我们想让你们冷静一会儿（笑声）。
然而，我认为我们正在付诸实践，我们必须付出应该付出的。我不认为我们应该浪费金钱，但是我认为我们应该付诸实践。这些应该在60年代实现，它有可能在你们还在中学、这所学院和大学中的时候实现。它将会在台上诸位任期之内实现。但是它应该完成，它应该在这10年末之前完成。
我很高兴这所大学在登月计划中扮演着一个角色，作为美利坚合众国的国家事业的一部分。
很多年之前，伟大的英国探险家George Mallory——他死于攀登珠穆朗玛峰——被人问到他问什么要攀登珠穆朗玛峰。他回答说：“因为它就在哪儿。”
因此，太空就在那儿，而我们将要登上它，月球和其他行星在那儿，获得知识与和平的新希望在那儿。因此，当我们启程的时候，我们祈求上帝保佑这个人类有史以来所从事的最危险和最伟大的冒险。
谢谢。
这句话的含义是双重的，一方面指在压缩的人类历史中，探测其他星球只不过是最近的事，另一方面肯尼迪指的是美国的水手号金星探测器。水手2号于1962年12月成功抵达金星。
这里指两所大学的橄榄球队。
John Glenn，第一个进入太空的美国宇航员。 赞！
如果国内的一些小白能看到这些，而且好好的用脑子思考一下就好了。
是的，说得非常好。 此文既是科普文，又可做抽脸文{:soso_e104:} 这样的文章应该让更多在校读书的学生看到。 写得太好了。
收藏。 顶 写的太好了，有条有据，逻辑清晰，让在下也懂得了不少 写的太好了，有条有据，逻辑清晰，让在下也懂得了不少 科普文章，现在太空探索的领先者是谁？拭目以待。
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